Last major Finance Act under Buhari — raised the tertiary education tax to 3%, expanded digital tax to non-resident companies, and introduced the controversial 0.5% cybersecurity levy.
The Finance Act 2023 was the last fiscal patch before the 2025 reform overhaul. It raised the tertiary education tax to 3% of assessable profits, expanded VAT/CIT obligations to non-resident digital service providers, and (controversially) introduced a 0.5% cybersecurity levy on certain electronic transactions. Most of its substantive provisions have now been folded into the Nigeria Tax Act 2025 or repealed.