Muhammadu Buhari

2023 Major Reforms ·~104m enrolled National ID Number (NIN) — SIM linkage drive Mandatory NIN-to-SIM linkage from Dec 2020 drove the enrolment base from ~42m to ~104m people by 2023. Foundation for KYC across banking, telecom, government services. Completed 2023 Roads & Bridges ·₦742bn (Sukuk total) Sukuk-funded road network Five Sukuk bond issuances (2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022) raised ~₦742bn to construct/reconstruct 71 federal roads totalling ~4,000 km across all 6 geopolitical zones. Completed 2023 Education & Social ·₦500bn+ disbursed National Social Investment Programmes (NSIP) 4-pillar programme (2016): N-Power (graduate jobs for 1m beneficiaries), Conditional Cash Transfer (₦5,000/month to poor households), Home-Grown School Feeding Programme (9.5m pupils fed daily), TraderMoni / GEEP (1m+ micro-loans). Largest African social-safety net by reach. Completed 2023 Roads & Bridges ·$1.5bn (PPP) Lekki Deep Sea Port — commissioned 2023 Nigeria's first deep-sea port. PPP with China Harbour Engineering Co + Tolaram Group. 16.5m draft accommodates Panamax/Post-Panamax ships. Commissioned Jan 2023, operational mid-2023. Completed 2023 Major Reforms ·₦1.07tn disbursed Anchor Borrowers' Programme (rice + agro lending) CBN programme launched November 2015 — single-digit-rate loans to smallholder farmers via anchor companies. Disbursed ₦1.07tn to 4.5m farmers across rice, maize, wheat, cotton, cassava. Made Nigeria the largest rice producer in Africa. Completed 2023 Roads & Bridges ·₦336bn ·↳ began under Jonathan Second Niger Bridge (1.6 km main + 10.3 km approach) Decades-old project finally delivered. Financed via Presidential Infrastructure Development Fund (PIDF). Commissioned May 2023 — opened just days before Buhari left office. Later named after Buhari. Completed 2023 Roads & Bridges ·₦310bn ·↳ began under Jonathan Lagos-Ibadan Expressway reconstruction (127 km) Major reconstruction of Nigeria's busiest highway corridor. Section II (Berger-Lotto, 44 km) commissioned March 2022; ~90% complete by end of Buhari tenure. Final 4 km near Lagos delayed by sub-soil replacement, finished under Tinubu (2024). Completed 2023 Oil & Gas ·$20bn (private) Dangote Refinery (650,000 bpd — world's largest single-train) Private refinery commissioned May 2023 in Lagos (Lekki Free Zone). Largest single-train refinery globally. Began processing in January 2024. Completed 2022 Telecom & Digital ·$273.6m per licence 5G spectrum auction (2021) NCC auctioned 3.5GHz 5G licences in December 2021. MTN + Mafab won at $273.6m each. Airtel later acquired a third licence (2022). First 5G commercial launch August 2022. Completed 2022 Aviation & Ports ·₦11bn Akanu Ibiam Intl Enugu — runway rebuild + reopening Aug 2022 reopening of Enugu airport after 12-month closure for runway reconstruction. ₦11bn rebuild to full international-flight standard; international flights resumed Sep 2023 (Ethiopian Airlines). Completed 2022 Major Reforms Finance Acts (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022) Annual omnibus tax bills modernised the Nigerian fiscal framework: VAT raised 5%→7.5%, small-business CIT exemption (<₦25m), digital-economy taxes, capital-gains reforms, tertiary-education tax band changes. Completed 2022 Aviation & Ports Murtala Muhammed Intl Lagos — new international terminal Mar 2022 commissioning of the new MMIA international terminal — 14m pax/yr capacity; 7 air-bridges. Built by CCECC under the same 2013 China EXIM framework as Abuja, Kano, Port Harcourt terminals (4-airport package). Completed 2022 Aviation & Ports Mallam Aminu Kano Intl — new international terminal Apr 2022 commissioning of the new Kano international terminal — 8m pax/yr capacity. Part of the 2013 China EXIM 4-airport package; serves Northern Nigeria + Hajj operations from Saudia. Completed 2021 Major Reforms eNaira — Central Bank Digital Currency Launched October 2021 by CBN. First African CBDC. Designed for retail + wholesale payments. Adoption underwhelming but the technical infrastructure was a first-mover regulatory framework that informed AfCFTA digital settlements. Completed 2021 Education & Social ·₦44bn raised CACOVID — private-sector COVID-19 response Coalition Against COVID-19 raised ₦44bn+ in private-sector donations (CBN, Aliko Dangote Foundation, MTN, Access Bank). Built 39 isolation centres + delivered medical supplies during 2020 lockdown. Completed 2021 Rail ·$1.5bn Lagos-Ibadan SGR commissioning June 2021 commercial commissioning of the 156 km double-track SGR between Apapa, Lagos and Moniya, Ibadan — including Apapa Port spur for container traffic. First Nigerian SGR with double-track and seaport connection. Completed 2021 Major Reforms Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) 2021 Signed Aug 2021 after 21 years of legislative delay. Restructured NNPC into NNPC Ltd (commercial), created NUPRC (upstream regulator) and NMDPRA (midstream/downstream regulator). Mandated 3% host-community fund + 30% NNPC frontier exploration fund. Completed 2020 Major Reforms African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) ratification Nigeria ratified AfCFTA in December 2020 (after 18 months of hesitation). Eliminates tariffs on 90% of goods across 54 African countries. Critical for non-oil export growth. Completed 2020 Major Reforms Economic Recovery & Growth Plan (ERGP) 2017–2020 Macroeconomic recovery plan after the 2016 recession. Targeted 7% GDP growth, single-digit inflation, $1bn export expansion. Foundation for the structural reforms later finalised under Tinubu. Completed 2020 Rail Itakpe-Warri Rail commissioning (Sept 2020) Sept 2020 commissioning of the 327 km Itakpe-Ajaokuta-Warri line — 33 years after construction began (1987). Nigeria's first standard-gauge line to enter commercial service end-to-end. Connects Warri port to Itakpe iron-ore mines. Completed 2020 Roads & Bridges ·₦35bn Loko-Oweto Bridge 2-km bridge across the River Benue, linking Nasarawa and Benue states. Commissioned 2020. Completed 2018 Aviation & Ports ·$500m Nnamdi Azikiwe Intl Abuja — new international terminal Dec 2018 commissioning of the new $500m Abuja international terminal — 15m pax/yr capacity (5× old terminal); 5 air-bridges, biometric immigration. Built by CCECC under $500m China EXIM loan signed 2013. Completed 2018 Aviation & Ports Port Harcourt Intl — new international terminal Oct 2018 commissioning of the new Port Harcourt international terminal — 7m pax/yr capacity. Completes the 2013 China EXIM 4-airport package (with Lagos, Abuja, Kano). Serves Niger Delta oil + business traffic. Completed 2017 Aviation & Ports ·₦5.8bn Nnamdi Azikiwe Intl Abuja — runway total rehabilitation (6-week closure) Mar-Apr 2017 — full closure of Abuja airport for 6 weeks for total runway rehabilitation; flights diverted to Kaduna. First Nigerian airport runway rebuilt to ICAO Code-F (A380-capable). Completed 19 days ahead of schedule. Completed 2016 Major Reforms ·₦527bn+ recovered Whistleblower Policy 2016 Federal Ministry of Finance policy promising 2.5–5% of recovered loot to whistleblowers. By 2019 had triggered ₦527bn+ in actual asset recoveries. Completed 2016 Major Reforms ·₦5tn+ revenue recovered Treasury Single Account (TSA) full implementation Buhari ordered (Aug 2015) all MDAs to remit revenue to a single CBN account, closing thousands of commercial-bank ledgers. Recovered ₦5tn+ of float capital. Eliminated idle cash sitting outside government oversight. Completed 2016 Rail ·$874m ·↳ began under Jonathan Abuja-Kaduna Rail commissioning First operational standard-gauge passenger line in Nigeria. Commissioned July 2016. 186 km, ~2 hr journey. Suspended briefly after the March 2022 attack; resumed December 2022. Completed 2021 Oil & Gas ·$2.9bn (combined) Port Harcourt / Warri / Kaduna refinery rehab contracts Maire Tecnimont (Italian) awarded $1.5bn contract for Port Harcourt; Saipem SPA awarded $1.4bn for Warri ($897m) + Kaduna ($586m). Phase 1 Port Harcourt operational restart Nov 2024 (under Tinubu). Under way 2021 Rail ·$1.96bn Kano–Maradi (Nigeria–Niger) Rail 284 km cross-border standard-gauge line connecting Kano to Maradi in Niger Republic. Flagged off Feb 2021. Strategic regional integration play. Construction continues; first ~30 km completed. Under way 2021 Rail ·$3.02bn Port Harcourt-Maiduguri Eastern Rail rehabilitation contract ($3.02bn) March 2021 award to CCECC to rehabilitate the 1,443 km PH-Aba-Enugu-Makurdi-Lafia-Maiduguri eastern narrow-gauge line. Includes Bonny deep-sea port spur. Largest single rail contract in Nigerian history; financing closed under Tinubu (2024). Under way 2020 Oil & Gas ·$2.59bn Ajaokuta-Kaduna-Kano (AKK) Gas Pipeline (614 km) Largest gas pipeline project in West Africa. Flagged off June 2020. Designed to deliver 2 bcf/day for power + industrial use across northern Nigeria. Under way 2019 Power & Energy ·€1.6bn (Phase 1) Siemens Presidential Power Initiative German engineering partnership signed 2019 to expand grid from ~5,000 to 25,000 MW. Phase 1 (transformer + transmission upgrades) ongoing; Phase 1 delivered 10 substations + 30 transformers. Under way 2018 Roads & Bridges ·₦797bn Abuja-Kaduna-Zaria-Kano Expressway (375 km) Dualisation flagged under PIDF. Multi-section construction by Julius Berger, CCECC, Setraco. Still under construction. Under way 2017 Roads & Bridges ·₦200bn (NLNG-FGN co-funded) Bodo-Bonny Road and Bridges (Niger Delta) 38 km road + 6 bridges connecting Bonny Island (NLNG plant) to the mainland for the first time ever. Jointly funded by FGN + NLNG. Under way