Suite of 16 constitutional amendments — including financial autonomy for state legislatures + judiciary, and devolution of railway + electricity to concurrent list.
The Fifth Alteration was a suite of 16 separate Acts amending the 1999 Constitution, signed together in March 2023. Two amendments stand out: (1) financial autonomy for state legislatures and state judiciaries — they now receive their funds directly from the Consolidated Revenue Fund rather than through the executive; (2) devolution of railway and electricity from the exclusive legislative list to the concurrent list, which legally enabled the Electricity Act 2023 and state-led rail projects.